Any feedback?
Information on EC 1.14.15.7 - choline monooxygenase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC1.14.15.7Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
EC Tree
1.14.15.7 choline monooxygenaseIUBMB Comments
The spinach enzyme, which is located in the chloroplast, contains a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster, and probably also a mononuclear Fe centre. Requires Mg2+. Catalyses the first step of glycine betaine synthesis. In many bacteria, plants and animals, betaine is synthesized in two steps: (1) choline to betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde to betaine. Different enzymes are involved in the first reaction. In plants, the reaction is catalysed by this enzyme whereas in animals and many bacteria it is catalysed by either membrane-bound EC 1.1.99.1 (choline dehydrogenase) or soluble EC 1.1.3.17 (choline oxidase) . The enzyme involved in the second step, EC 1.2.1.8 (betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase), appears to be the same in plants, animals and bacteria. In some bacteria, betaine is synthesized from glycine through the actions of EC 2.1.1.156 (glycine/sarcosine N-methyltransferase) and EC 2.1.1.157 (sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase).
Specify your search results
Word Map
- 1.14.15.7
- betaine
-
osmoprotectant
- drought
-
badhs
- oleracea
-
spinacia
- glycinebetaine
-
halophyte
- beet
-
atriplex
-
rieske-type
-
rieske
- suaeda
- phosphocholine
-
amaranthus
- hortensis
-
ferredoxin-dependent
- amaranthaceae
- salsa
- tricolor
- agriculture
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
choline monooxygenase, ahcmo, apcmo, 
more
topPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
choline monooxygenase
choline oxygenase
-
-
-
-
CMO
CMO1
EC 1.14.14.4
-
-
formerly
-
CMO
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
oxidation
redox reaction
-
-
-
-
reduction
oxidation
-
-
-
-
reduction
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
choline,reduced-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase
The spinach enzyme, which is located in the chloroplast, contains a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster, and probably also a mononuclear Fe centre. Requires Mg2+. Catalyses the first step of glycine betaine synthesis. In many bacteria, plants and animals, betaine is synthesized in two steps: (1) choline to betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde to betaine. Different enzymes are involved in the first reaction. In plants, the reaction is catalysed by this enzyme whereas in animals and many bacteria it is catalysed by either membrane-bound EC 1.1.99.1 (choline dehydrogenase) or soluble EC 1.1.3.17 (choline oxidase) [7]. The enzyme involved in the second step, EC 1.2.1.8 (betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase), appears to be the same in plants, animals and bacteria. In some bacteria, betaine is synthesized from glycine through the actions of EC 2.1.1.156 (glycine/sarcosine N-methyltransferase) and EC 2.1.1.157 (sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase).
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
118390-76-4
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
choline + O2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
choline + O2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
step in biosynthesis of glycinebetaine
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
the enzyme is a key enzyme in betaine synthesis, betaine is synthesized upon abiotic stress via choline oxidation, pathway regulation, overview
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of glycine betaine, overview
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
plastid-expressed choline monooxygenase gene improves salt and drought tolerance through accumulation of glycine betaine in tobacco
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
choline monooxygenase and two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase homologues are required for glycine betaine synthesis, pathway overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
choline monooxygenase and two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase homologues are required for glycine betaine synthesis, pathway overview
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
choline + O2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
step in biosynthesis of glycinebetaine
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
the enzyme is a key enzyme in betaine synthesis, betaine is synthesized upon abiotic stress via choline oxidation, pathway regulation, overview
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of glycine betaine, overview
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
plastid-expressed choline monooxygenase gene improves salt and drought tolerance through accumulation of glycine betaine in tobacco
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
choline monooxygenase and two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase homologues are required for glycine betaine synthesis, pathway overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
choline monooxygenase and two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase homologues are required for glycine betaine synthesis, pathway overview
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
O2
-
half-maximal rate with a O2 partial pressure of 2kPa, corresponding to an concentration of 0.025 mM
Ferredoxin
-
ferredoxin is reduced via NADPH and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Fe2+
Iron
Iron
deduced amino acid sequence reveals a Rieske-type, i.e. [2Fe-2S], cluster motif
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
catalase
-
stimulation of activity by countering negative effects of H2O2 produced by ferredoxin autoxidation
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Co-ordinate expression of glycine betaine synthesis genes linked by the FMDV 2A region in a single open reading frame in Pichia pastoris.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.1
choline
-
reduced ferredoxin provided by NADPH/ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase or reconstituted chloroplasts
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
0.0001
-
in leaves of plants after salinization with 300 mM NaCl for three days
0.00012
-
in roots of untreated plants and after salinization with 100 mM NaCl for three days
0.00018
-
in leaves of plants after salinization with 100 mM NaCl for three days
0.00024
-
in leaves of plants after salinization with 400 mM NaCl for three days
0.00048
-
in roots of plants after salinization with 400 mM NaCl for three days
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
7.7
-
reduced ferredoxin provided by NADPH/ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase or reconstituted chloroplasts
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
colocalization with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase
brenda
additional information
expression is induced by salt, drought and heat stress
brenda
expression is induced by salt stress, AnCMO transcript is regulated on a daily, i.e. circardian rhythm
brenda
high content of glycine betaine, more in the older leaf blades, but little in the florets and internodes
brenda
additional information
-
no expression in bladder hairs or young leaf laminae
brenda
additional information
-
high expression level in shoots compared to roots under salt stress
brenda
additional information
-
salt treatment results in increased expression of the enzyme mainly in the leaves but not in the roots
brenda
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
additional information
no activity in mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum-containing microsome fraction, as well as chloroplasts
-
brenda
additional information
-
no activity in mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum-containing microsome fraction, as well as chloroplasts
-
brenda
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
-
the CMO upstream regulatory region reveals a number of stress response-related elements, some of which may be involved in the stress tolerance shown by this species. Salt stress is perceived differently by cells than in whole plants
metabolism
-
choline monooxygenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyze the first and second steps in the biosynthesis of glycine betaine in betaine-accumulating plants
metabolism
-
choline monooxygenase is the first regulatory enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for glycine betaine
metabolism
-
choline monooxygenase is the first regulatory enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for glycine betaine
metabolism
glycine betaine is a compatible quaternary amine that enables plants to tolerate abiotic stresses, including salt, drought and cold. In plants, glycine betaine is synthesized through two-step of successive oxidations from choline, catalyzed by choline monooxygenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively. Oryza sativa is a typical non-glycine betaine accumulating species. The genome sequencing reveals orthologues of both choline monooxygenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, but, while the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase is functional, the choline monooxygenase of japonica rice plant is not. Nevertheless the heterologously expressed rice enzyme is active in tabacco plants, overview
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes the first stepin biosynthesis of glycine betaine. The second step is catalyzed by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase
physiological function
the enzyme catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of glycinebetaine from cholesterol via betaine aldehyde. Glycine betaine is an osmoprotectant that accumulates in case of high salinity, and drought or cold stress
physiological function
-
choline monooxygenase is the first regulatory enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for glycine betaine, which preferentially protects young organs against salt-induced damage by altering the expression of glycine betaine biosynthetic proteins at a translational level
physiological function
antisense CMO plants show decreased activity of glycine betaine synthesis from choline compared to wild-type plants, with glycine betaine contents being similar between transgenic and wild-type plants with the exception of young leaves and storage roots. Transgenic plants show enhanced susceptibility to salt stress
physiological function
-
increase of betaine content in bladder hairs under high salinity is associated with induced expression of the choline monooxygenayse protein in mature leaves
physiological function
-
the ability to utilize choline as a sole nitrogen source correlates strongly with the presence of Cmo1. Deletion of the gene abolishes the ability of Scheffersomyces stipitis to utilize choline as the sole nitrogen source, but does not affect its ability to use methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine or glycine as nitrogen sources
physiological function
the intracellular glycine betaine level and the tolerance to salt stress of the transgenic lines overexpressing CMO1 are significantly enhanced
physiological function
-
the ability to utilize choline as a sole nitrogen source correlates strongly with the presence of Cmo1. Deletion of the gene abolishes the ability of Scheffersomyces stipitis to utilize choline as the sole nitrogen source, but does not affect its ability to use methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine or glycine as nitrogen sources
-
Show AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices (2779 entries)
Please use the AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices Search for a specific query.
Please use the AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices Search for a specific query.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
49000
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
C181A
second Cys in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of Rieske-type cluster to Ser, Ala and Thr, essential for activity
C181S
second Cys in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of Rieske-type cluster to Ser, Ala and Thr, essential for activity
C181T
second Cys in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of Rieske-type cluster to Ser, Ala and Thr, essential for activity
H287A
first His in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of mononuclear non-heme Fe to Gly, Ala, and Val, His-287 is essential for activity
H287G
first His in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of mononuclear non-heme Fe to Gly, Ala, and Val, His-287 is essential for activity
H287V
first His in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of mononuclear non-heme Fe to Gly, Ala, and Val, His-287 is essential for activity
additional information
additional information
-
overexpression of enzyme of the glycine betaine synthesis pathway increase the tolerance to abiotic stress, i.e. salt and drought stresses, and toxic concentrations of choline, phenotype, overview
additional information
functional defect at the rice choline monooxygenase locus from an unusual post-transcriptional processing is associated with the sequence elements of short-direct repeats, production of incorrect CMO transcripts results in a deficiency of the full-length CMO protein and probably reduces glycine betaine accumulation, overview
additional information
-
functional defect at the rice choline monooxygenase locus from an unusual post-transcriptional processing is associated with the sequence elements of short-direct repeats, production of incorrect CMO transcripts results in a deficiency of the full-length CMO protein and probably reduces glycine betaine accumulation, overview
additional information
-
transgenic Oryza sativa plant seedlings overexpressing the spinach enzyme show accumulation of glycinebetaine and increased resistance to abiotic stress, e.g. salt stress and temperature stress, several lines, overview
additional information
-
simultaneous expression of Spinacia oleracea chloroplast choline monooxygenase (CMO) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) genes contribute to dwarfism in transgenic Lolium perenne, phenotype, detailed overview. The transgenic plants show enhanced salt stress tolerance, 63% reduced height compared to controls, and a dwarf phenotype that occurs first after 3 months of planting into soil and is stably inherited
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
extracts are prepared
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
coexpression of chloroplast CMO and Spinacia oleracea betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase BADH genes in Lolium perenne via particle bombardment
-
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, genetic structure, most rice CMO transcripts are processed incorrectly, retaining introns or deleted of coding sequences, the unusual deletion events occurr at sequence elements of the short-direct repeats
expression in Escherichia coli, Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 and Arabidopsis thaliana
expression of CMO via plastid genetic engineering in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38 plants, which show accumulation of glycine betaine and increased tolerance to abiotic stress
-
gene CMO, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic tree, recombinant expression in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 transfection system leading to increased salt tolerance in the transgenic plants
gene HvCMO, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic tree, quantitative real-time PCR expression analyis, recombinant expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BJ5458
gene OsCMO, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic analysis, functional OsCMO expression in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthinc plants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 for transfection, overexpressing plants show increased glycine betaine content and elevated tolerance to salt stress
Gossypium hirsutum is transformed with the Atriplex hortensis CMO gene mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens
into a TA cloning system for sequencing
overexpression in Oryza sativa by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, single copy of the transgene
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expression of CMO protein is increased by the presence of NaCl in younger leaves but decreased in older leaves
-
increased accumulation in mature leaf with increasing concentration of NaCl
-
level of choline monooxygenase in expanded leaves increases significantly on salt stress
-
level of choline monooxygenase increases under salt stress
salt treatment results in increased expression of the enzyme mainly in the leaves but not in the roots. Thereby the expression of CMO protein is increased by the presence of NaCl in younger leaves but decreased in older leaves
-
the enzyme expression is salt- and osmotic stress-induced in seedlings, but downregulated in cell suspension culture in response to the same salt stress
-
the enzyme expression is salt- and osmotic stress-induced in seedlings, but downregulated in cell suspension culture in response to the same salt stress. CMO induction proceeds via an ABA-independent signal transduction pathway
-
the expression of HvCMO protein is increased by the presence of high NaCl, accumulation of HvCMO mRNA is increased by high osmotic and low-temperature environments
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
agriculture
enhancing glycine betaine synthesis is one of the most promising ways to improve salt tolerance in cotton
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Lerma, C.; Hanson, A.D.; Rhodes, D.
Oxygen-18 and deuterium labeling studies of choline oxidation by spinach and sugar beet
Plant Physiol.
88
695-702
1988
Beta vulgaris, Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Brouquisse, R.; Weigel, P.; Rhodes, D.; Yocum, C.F.; Hanson, A.D.
Evidence for a ferredoxin-dependent choline monooxygenase from spinach chloroplast stroma
Plant Physiol.
90
322-329
1989
Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Burnet, M.; Lafontaine, P.J.; Hanson, A.D.
Assay, purification, and partial characterization of choline monooxygenase from spinach
Plant Physiol.
108
581-588
1995
Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Rathinasabapathi, B.; Burnet, M.; Russell, B.L.; Gage, D.A.; Liao, P.C.; Nye, G.J.; Scott, P.; Golbeck, J.H.; Hanson, A.D.
Choline monooxygenase, an unusual iron-sulfur enzyme catalyzing the first step of glycine betaine synthesis in plants: prosthetic group characterization and cDNA cloning
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
94
3454-3458
1997
Spinacia oleracea (O04121), Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Russell, B.L.; Rathinasabapathi, B.; Hanson, A.D.
Osmotic stress induces expression of choline monooxygenase in sugar beet and amaranth
Plant Physiol.
116
859-865
1998
Amaranthus caudatus, Beta vulgaris
brenda
Meng, Y.L.; Wang, Y.M.; Zhang, B.; Nii, N.
Isolation of a choline monooxygenase cDNA clone from Amaranthus tricolor and its expressions under stress conditions
Cell Res.
11
187-193
2001
Amaranthus tricolor (Q93XE1), Amaranthus tricolor
brenda
Hibino, T.; Waditee, R.; Araki, E.; Ishikawa, H.; Aoki, K.; Tanaka, Y.; Takabe, T.
Functional characterization of choline monooxygenase, an enzyme for betaine synthesis in plants
J. Biol. Chem.
277
41352-41360
2002
Spinacia oleracea (O04121), Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Wang, L.W.; Showalter, A.M.
Cloning and salt-induced, ABA-independent expression of choline mono-oxygenase in Atriplex prostrata
Physiol. Plant.
120
405-412
2004
Atriplex prostrata (Q8RXB4), Atriplex prostrata
brenda
Tabuchi, T.; Kawaguchi, Y.; Azuma, T.; Nanmori, T.; Yasuda, T.
Similar regulation patterns of choline monooxygenase, phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase in leaves of the halophyte Atriplex nummularia L
Plant Cell Physiol.
46
505-513
2005
Atriplex nummularia (Q7XZR0), Atriplex nummularia
brenda
Shirasawa, K.; Takabe, T.; Takabe, T.; Kishitani, S.
Accumulation of glycinebetaine in rice plants that overexpress choline monooxygenase from spinach and evaluation of their tolerance to abiotic stress
Ann. Bot.
98
565-571
2006
no activity in Oryza sativa, Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Bhuiyan, N.H.; Hamada, A.; Yamada, N.; Rai, V.; Hibino, T.; Takabe, T.
Regulation of betaine synthesis by precursor supply and choline monooxygenase expression in Amaranthus tricolor
J. Exp. Bot.
58
4203-4212
2007
Amaranthus tricolor
brenda
Luo, D.; Niu, X.; Wang, Y.; Zheng, W.; Chang, L.; Wang, Q.; Wei, X.; Yu, G.; Lu, B.R.; Liu, Y.
Functional defect at the rice choline monooxygenase locus from an unusual post-transcriptional processing is associated with the sequence elements of short-direct repeats
New Phytol.
175
439-447
2007
Oryza sativa (Q7XB43), Oryza sativa
brenda
Zhang, J.; Tan, W.; Yang, X.H.; Zhang, H.X.
Plastid-expressed choline monooxygenase gene improves salt and drought tolerance through accumulation of glycine betaine in tobacco
Plant Cell Rep.
27
1113-1124
2008
Beta vulgaris
brenda
Yamada, N.; Promden, W.; Yamane, K.; Tamagake, H.; Hibino, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Takabe, T.
Preferential accumulation of betaine uncoupled to choline monooxygenase in young leaves of sugar beet--importance of long-distance translocation of betaine under normal and salt-stressed conditions
J. Plant Physiol.
166
2058-2070
2009
Beta vulgaris
brenda
Zhang, H.; Dong, H.; Li, W.; Sun, Y.; Chen, S.; Kong, X.
Increased glycine betaine synthesis and salinity tolerance in AhCMO transgenic cotton lines
Mol. Breed.
23
289-298
2009
Atriplex hortensis (Q9LKN0)
brenda
Park, J.; Okita, T.; Edwards, G.
Salt tolerant mechanisms in single-cell C4 species Bienertia sinuspersici and Suaeda aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae)
Plant Sci.
176
616-626
2009
Bienertia sinuspersici, Suaeda aralocaspica
-
brenda
Wu, S.; Su, Q.; An, L.J.
Isolation of choline monooxygenase (CMO) gene from Salicornia europaea and enhanced salt tolerance of transgenic tobacco with CMO genes
Indian J. Biochem. Biophys.
47
298-305
2010
Salicornia europaea (Q5MAD4), Salicornia europaea
brenda
Bao, Y.; Zhao, R.; Li, F.; Tang, W.; Han, L.
Simultaneous expression of Spinacia oleracea chloroplast choline monooxygenase (CMO) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) genes contribute to dwarfism in transgenic Lolium perenne
Plant Mol. Biol. Rep.
29
379-388
2011
Spinacia oleracea
-
brenda
Kalinina, E.; Keith, B.; Kern, A.; Dyer, W.
Salt- and osmotic stress-induced choline monooxygenase expression in Kochia scoparia is ABA-independent
Biol. Plant.
56
699-704
2012
Bassia scoparia
-
brenda
Luo, D.; Niu, X.; Yu, J.; Yan, J.; Gou, X.; Lu, B.R.; Liu, Y.
Rice choline monooxygenase (OsCMO) protein functions in enhancing glycine betaine biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco but does not accumulate in rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)
Plant Cell Rep.
31
1625-1635
2012
Oryza sativa (B8B239), Oryza sativa
brenda
Mitsuya, S.; Kozaki, K.; Takabe, T.
Tissue localization of the glycine betaine biosynthetic enzymes in barley leaves
Plant Prod. Sci.
16
117-122
2013
Hordeum vulgare
-
brenda
Mitsuya, S.; Kuwahara, J.; Ozaki, K.; Saeki, E.; Fujiwara, T.; Takabe, T.
Isolation and characterization of a novel peroxisomal choline monooxygenase in barley
Planta
234
1215-1226
2011
Hordeum vulgare (B5UAE1), Hordeum vulgare
brenda
Tsutsumi, K.; Yamada, N.; Cha-um, S.; Tanaka, Y.; Takabe, T.
Differential accumulation of glycinebetaine and choline monooxygenase in bladder hairs and lamina leaves of Atriplex gmelini under high salinity
J. Plant Physiol.
176
101-107
2015
Atriplex gmelinii
brenda
Linder, T.
CMO1 encodes a putative choline monooxygenase and is required for the utilization of choline as the sole nitrogen source in the yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis (syn. Pichia stipitis)
Microbiology
160
929-940
2014
Scheffersomyces stipitis, Scheffersomyces stipitis ATCC 58785
brenda
Yu, J.; Li, Y.; Tang, W.; Liu, J.; Lu, B.; Liu, Y.
The accumulation of glycine betaine is dependent on choline monooxygenase (OsCMO), not on phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (OsPEAMT1), in rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)
Plant Mol. Biol. Rep.
32
916-922
2014
Oryza sativa Japonica Group (Q7XB43)
-
brenda
Yamada, N.; Takahashi, H.; Kitou, K.; Sahashi, K.; Tamagake, H.; Tanaka, Y.; Takabe, T.
Suppressed expression of choline monooxygenase in sugar beet on the accumulation of glycine betaine
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
96
217-221
2015
Beta vulgaris (O22553)
brenda
Select items on the left to see more content.
EXTERNAL LINKS (specific for EC-Number 1.14.15.7)
html completed
Use of this online version of BRENDA is free under the CC BY 4.0 license. See terms of use for full details.
Release 2023.1 (January 2023)
About BRENDA
Social media
Help
Survey
Download
Contribution
Legal
Curated at
Member of
