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EC Tree
IUBMB Comments Specific for the (S)-enantiomer of carnitine, i.e., the enantiomer of the substrate of EC 1.1.1.108 carnitine 3-dehydrogenase
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
d(+)-carnitine dehydrogenase, d-carnitine dehydrogenase,
more
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D(+)-carnitine dehydrogenase
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
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dehydrogenase, D-carnitine
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(S)-carnitine + NAD+ = 3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
(S)-carnitine + NAD+ = 3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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(S)-carnitine + NAD+ = 3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
specific for the (S)-enantiomer of carnitine
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(S)-carnitine:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Specific for the (S)-enantiomer of carnitine, i.e., the enantiomer of the substrate of EC 1.1.1.108 carnitine 3-dehydrogenase
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(R)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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r
(S)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
(S)-carnitine + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
3-hydroxy-2-butanone + NAD+
2,3-butandione + NADH
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enzyme specific for D-carnitine
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carnitine + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
DL-4-amino-3-hydroxy-n-butyrate + NAD+
DL-4-amino-3-keto-n-butyrate + NADH
additional information
?
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(S)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
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r
(S)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
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r
(S)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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r
(S)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
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r
(S)-carnitine + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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(S)-carnitine + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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(S)-carnitine + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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r
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(S)-carnitine + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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(S)-carnitine + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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substrate is derived as a waste product from chemical production procedures of L(-)-carnitine
formation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate as a storage product
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carnitine + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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r
carnitine + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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r
DL-4-amino-3-hydroxy-n-butyrate + NAD+
DL-4-amino-3-keto-n-butyrate + NADH
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, less than 20% velocity compared to D-carnitine
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DL-4-amino-3-hydroxy-n-butyrate + NAD+
DL-4-amino-3-keto-n-butyrate + NADH
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
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additional information
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initial step of D(+)-carnitine degradation
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additional information
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it is expected that D-carnitine can be converted into L-carnitine by coupling reactions of D-carnitine dehydrogenase and L-carnitine dehydrogenase
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additional information
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it is expected that D-carnitine can be converted into L-carnitine by coupling reactions of D-carnitine dehydrogenase and L-carnitine dehydrogenase
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additional information
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enzyme is induced during growth on D-carnitine
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(R)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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r
(S)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
(S)-carnitine + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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substrate is derived as a waste product from chemical production procedures of L(-)-carnitine
formation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate as a storage product
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?
additional information
?
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(S)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
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r
(S)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NAD+
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+
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r
additional information
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initial step of D(+)-carnitine degradation
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additional information
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it is expected that D-carnitine can be converted into L-carnitine by coupling reactions of D-carnitine dehydrogenase and L-carnitine dehydrogenase
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additional information
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it is expected that D-carnitine can be converted into L-carnitine by coupling reactions of D-carnitine dehydrogenase and L-carnitine dehydrogenase
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additional information
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enzyme is induced during growth on D-carnitine
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NAD+
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Mg2+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 0.5 mM, 17% increase in activity, 1.0 mM 30% increase in activity, 5.0 mM, 35% increase in activity
Co2+
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1 mM, increases activity up to 31%
Co2+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 5 mM, 31% increase in activity
Ni2+
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5 mM, increases activity up to 31%
Ni2+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 5 mM, 31% increase in activity
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5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate)
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 1 mM, complete inactivation
Ag+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 1 mM, complete inactivation
Carnitine amide
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competitive inhibitor of (S)-carnitine oxidation
cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, higher than 5 mM, 10% of initial activity
choline
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competitive inhibitor of (S)-carnitine oxidation; D-carnitine dehydrogenase, competitive inhibition
crotonobetaine
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competitive inhibitor of (S)-carnitine oxidation; D-carnitine dehydrogenase, competitive inhibition
DL-beta-hydroxybutyrate
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, competitive inhibition
DL-carnitine amide
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, competitive inhibition
EDTA
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 20 mM, 25-70% inhibition
Fe2+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 1 mM, 25-70% inhibition
gamma-butyrobetaine
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competitive inhibitor of (S)-carnitine oxidation; D-carnitine dehydrogenase, competitive inhibition
glycine betaine
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competitive inhibitor of (S)-carnitine oxidation; D-carnitine dehydrogenase, competitive inhibition
hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide
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above 5 mM, 90% loss of activity
L(-)-carnitine
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competitive inhibitor of (S)-carnitine oxidation
L-carnitine
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, strong competitive inhibition
N-ethylmaleimide
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 1 mM, 77% inactivation after 3 min
SDS
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above 5 mM, 90% loss of activity; D-carnitine dehydrogenase, higher than 5 mM, 10% of initial activity
Cu2+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 1 mM, 25-70% inhibition
Cu2+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 1 mM, complete inactivation
Hg2+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 0.01 mM, complete inhibition
Hg2+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 1 mM, complete inactivation
p-chloromercuribenzoate
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 0.01 mM, complete inhibition
p-chloromercuribenzoate
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 0.1 mM, complete inactivation
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0.8 - 1.2
3-dehydrocarnitine
0.8
3-dehydrocarnitine
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
1.2
3-dehydrocarnitine
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1.2
3-dehydrocarnitine
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
3.1
D-carnitine
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
5.5
D-carnitine
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
0.07
NAD+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
0.15
NAD+
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
0.047
NADH
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0.047
NADH
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
0.06
NADH
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
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30.7
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
additional information
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14.15
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14.15
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
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6.5 - 7
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, reduction of 3-dehydrocarnitine
9.3
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, oxidation of D-carnitine
5.5 - 6.5
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3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH
5.5 - 6.5
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, reduction of D-carnitine
9 - 9.5
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(S)-carnitine + NAD+
9 - 9.5
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, oxidation of D-carnitine
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40
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
37
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37
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
DSM 8888, D-carnitine- and L-carnitine dehydrogenases are induced by D-carnitine and L-carnitine respectively
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brenda
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additional information
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organism is able to grow on synthetic D(+)-carnitine, but not on physiological L(-)-carnitine, as sole carbon and nitrogen source
brenda
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brenda
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29000
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3 * 29000, D-carnitine dehydrogenase, SDS-PAGE
86000
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gel filtration, D-carnitine dehydrogenase
28000
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3 * 28000, SDS-PAGE, laser-induced mass spectrometry
28000
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3 * 28000, D-carnitine dehydrogenase, SDS-PAGE
88000
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gel filtration
88000
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gel filtration, D-carnitine dehydrogenase
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trimer
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3 * 28000, SDS-PAGE, laser-induced mass spectrometry
trimer
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3 * 28000, D-carnitine dehydrogenase, SDS-PAGE
trimer
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3 * 29000, D-carnitine dehydrogenase, SDS-PAGE
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6.5 - 9
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase
285735
6 - 8
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4°C, stable for at least 3 days
9588
6 - 8
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, stable for 100 h at 4°C
9589
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40
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rapid decrease of stability above
40
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, enzyme activity decrases rapidly above 40°C
40
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D-carnitine dehydrogenase, enzyme is rapidly inactivated above 40°C
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4°C, pH 6-8, stable for at least 3 days
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DEAE-Sepharose FF, TSK Butyl, Phenyl-Sepharose, Superose 12 HR, D-carnitine dehydrogenase
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DEAE-Toyopearl, ammonium sulfate, Sephadex G-75, 5'-AMP-Sepharose 4B, Mono Q, TSK-gel G3000 SW, D-carnitine dehydrogenase
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synthesis
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Agrobacterium radiobacter can be used for conversion of the waste product L(-)-carnitine to poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate valuable as a biodegradable and biocompatible plastic
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Setyahadi, S.; Harada, E.; Mori, N.; Kitamoto, Y.
Production of L-carnitine from D-carnitine by partially purified D- and L-carnitine dehydrogenase of Agrobacterium sp. 525a
J. Mol. Catal. , B Enzym.
4
205-209
1998
Agrobacterium sp.
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brenda
Hanschmann, H.; Kleber, H.P.
Conversion of D-carnitine into L-carnitine with stereospecific carnitine dehydrogenase
Biotechnol. Lett.
19
679-682
1997
Agrobacterium sp.
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brenda
Hanschmann, H.; Kleber, H.P.
Purification and characterization of D(+)-carnitine dehydrogenase from Agrobacterium sp. - a new enzyme of carnitine metabolism
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1337
133-142
1997
Agrobacterium sp.
brenda
Obon, J.M.; Buendia, B.; Canovas, M.; Iborra, J.L.
Enzymatic cycling assay for D-carnitine determination
Anal. Biochem.
274
34-39
1999
Agrobacterium sp.
brenda
Setyahida, S.; Ueyama, T.; Arimoto, T.; Mori, N.; Kitamoto, Y.
Purification and properties of a new enzyme, D-carnitine dehydrogenase from Agrobacterium sp. 525a
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
61
1055-1058
1997
Agrobacterium sp. 525a
brenda
Kluettermann, K.; Tauchert, H.; Kleber, H.P.
Synthesis of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by Agrobacterium radiobacter after growth on D-carnitine
Acta Biotechnol.
22
261-269
2002
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
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brenda
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